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Main issues
The Water Outlook is a periodic City of Cape Town report. It assesses supply and demand in the Western Cape Water Supply System, which is a network of dams run jointly by the City, the national Department of Water and Sanitation and other users. The 2018 "Day Zero" drought, when dam levels fell so low that taps nearly ran dry, led the City to adopt a Water Strategy. The strategy aims to diversify supply beyond rain-fed dams. Its New Water Programme targets roughly 300 million litres a day of new supply by about 2030. The sources are desalination, treated wastewater reuse, groundwater (such as the Table Mountain Group and Cape Flats aquifers) and invasive alien vegetation clearing.
Several of these projects depend on outside parties. The Berg River–Voëlvlei augmentation scheme is a national project, and the City relies on national government for its timing. Desalination plants need land, grid connections and environmental authorisations. The Paarden Eiland site involves Transnet-owned land, and Atlantis infrastructure has been exposed to cable theft and vandalism. Cape Town's population and demand have continued to grow, and water-demand management and tiered restrictions remain a core tool. Under national rules, restriction levels are set by dam storage and consumption.
This matters because the City funds new water supply through tariffs. Residents therefore pay for it, and low-income households carry a larger share of the burden. Climate projections for the Western Cape point to hotter, drier and more variable conditions. That increases the risk of repeating drought-driven shortages unless new supply arrives on schedule.
Note: I could not retrieve the latest City publications, so check the City's official Water Outlook for current figures.